Tag: Bullish

Covered Call overview

Covered calls are a natural bridge between stock investing and options. Because options are leveraged, each contract represents 100 shares of stock, so a covered call requires ownership of at least 100 shares of the underlying asset. The long shares of stock can be owned before selling the covered call, or the positions can be entered simultaneously by purchasing the shares and selling the covered call against the stock position.

Covered Call market outlook

A covered call strategy is used if an investor is moderately bullish and plans to hold shares of stock in an asset for an extended length of time. The covered call will help generate income during the holding period and lowers the original position’s cost basis.

How to set up a Covered Call

A covered call consists of selling a call against shares of long stock. Typically, covered calls are sold out-of-the-money above the current price of the underlying asset. Calls that are sold closer to the stock price will result in more credit received but have a higher probability of being in-the-money at expiration.

Covered calls do not eliminate downside risk if the asset drops in price, but every covered call sold adds credit to the account, thereby reducing the overall cost of holding the long stock position.

Covered Call payoff diagram

Selling a covered call limits the profit potential and does not eliminate the downside risk. However, it does help to reduce the risk by the price of the premium received.

For example, if stock is purchased at $100 and a call option is sold at the $105 strike price for $5.00, the original position’s cost is now reduced by $5.00. Therefore, the cost basis and break-even point of the long stock position is now $95.

If the stock drops below that price, the downside risk is unlimited until the stock reaches $0, minus the adjusted cost basis. If the short call option is in-the-money at expiration and assigned, the profit potential is limited to the option’s strike price plus the premium collected from selling the call option. The option seller is obligated to sell shares of stock at the short strike price if assigned, therefore closing the long stock position.

If the stock closes above $105 at expiration, a profit of $1,000 will be realized per contract because the stock gained $5.00 per share ($500), plus the credit received from selling the covered call option ($500). If the stock closes below the short call at expiration, the option will expire worthless, and the credit received will remain.

Covered call payoff diagram showing max profit, max loss, and break-even points

Entering a Covered Call

A covered call requires ownership of at least 100 shares of stock. If the stock is already owned, a call option may be sold at a higher strike price than the current stock price. A covered call can also be sold at the time the long stock is purchased.

Exiting a Covered Call

There are two scenarios for exiting a covered call at expiration, depending on where the stock price is relative to the strike price of the call option sold. If the stock price is below the strike price at expiration, the call option will expire worthless, and the option premium collected is the amount profited from the trade. At this point, a new covered call position may be initiated for a future expiration date.

If the stock price is above the strike price of the short call option at expiration, the long stock is “called away” at the strike price. If the short call option is in-the-money at expiration, but the investor does not want to sell the position, the trade can be rolled out to a later expiration date by buying back the short call and selling a new contract.

Time decay impact on a Covered Call

Time remaining until expiration and implied volatility make up an option’s extrinsic value and impact the price of the premium. Short call options contracts with more time until expiration will have higher prices because there is more time for the underlying asset to experience price movement. As the time until expiration decreases, the price of the call option goes down.

Covered calls with longer-dated expirations will collect more premium when the trade is entered than those with shorter time duration. Time decay, or theta, works in favor of the covered call writer.

Implied volatility impact on a Covered Call

Implied volatility reflects the possibility of future price movements. Higher implied volatility results in a higher price of short call options because there is an expectation the price will move more in the future. Selling covered calls with higher implied volatility will receive more credit at trade entry, but the underlying asset is expected to have more price fluctuations.

Adjusting a Covered Call

There are multiple ways to adjust the position of a covered call if the underlying asset’s price moves up or down before expiration. A covered call is either in-the-money or out-of-the-money at expiration, and adjustments can be made to address each scenario.

If the stock is above the short call strike price at expiration, a decision will need to be made. If no action is taken, the short call will be exercised and the broker will automatically sell 100 shares of stock per options contract at the option’s strike price. The stockholder will participate in the gains of the move up in the underlying stock, and keep the credit from selling the short call. Any move above the strike price will not be included. If the covered call writer does not wish to exercise, the call option can be rolled out to the next expiration month.

If the underlying price has moved sideways or down before expiration and the stock price stayed below the short call, the original covered call will expire worthless. At this point, a new position may be opened for a future expiration date at the same strike price or a lower strike price. Any credit received from selling the call option will remain. The closer to the money the new call option is sold, the greater the credit received, but the more likely the long stock position may become in-the-money and subject to assignment at expiration. 

Most assignments do not occur until the last week of expiration. One exception that needs to be accounted for is dividend payments. If the underlying asset is about to pay a monthly or quarterly dividend, the short call is at greater risk of assignment if it is in-the-money. This is because the holder of the long call option may wish to exercise their right to buy shares of stock and collect the dividend.

Rolling a Covered Call

Covered calls can be rolled up or down before expiration. The short call option can be rolled down to a lower strike price within the same expiration month if the underlying asset has traded sideways or dropped in price. A strike price closer to the stock price will result in more credit received but have a higher probability of being in-the-money at expiration.

If the stock has moved above the strike price and the investor wishes to continue to hold the underlying stock and does not want the position called away, the covered call can be purchased and a new position sold at a later date with the same strike price or a different strike price.

Hedging a Covered Call

Covered calls can be hedged by rolling down the short call option as price decreases. To roll down the option, repurchase the short call (for less money than it was sold) and resell a call option closer to the stock price. This will limit the upside potential but the credit received for the roll will help offset the downward movement of the stock.

Another strategy to consider is to purchase a long put option somewhere below the short call option. Long put options give the holder the right to sell shares of stock at the strike price. For example, if long stock is purchased at $100 and a covered call is sold at $105, a long put option could be purchased at $90 and guarantee the opportunity to sell stock at $90. Buying the put option will cost money and therefore offset some or all of the credit received for selling the covered call.

Synthetic Covered Call

A synthetic covered call, also known as a poor man’s covered call, is a cost-effective way to gain long exposure to an asset while still selling covered calls against the long call option position to lower the overall cost basis.

A synthetic covered call has two parts. The first part consists of buying a deep in-the-money call with a far-dated expiration (also known as LEAPS).This replicates owning shares of stock but at a much lower capital outlay than actually owning the stock.

The second part of the synthetic covered call is to sell short-term call options against the position. Selling short-term calls throughout the longer expiration period will continually receive credit and help offset the cost of the long call position.

The maximum risk on the trade is limited to the cost of the long call option, and the risk will decrease every month by the amount of the premium received of every call sold.

FAQs

Long Call overview

Long call options give the buyer the right, but no obligation, to purchase shares of the underlying asset at the strike price on or before expiration. Because options are levered investments, each contract is equivalent to holding 100 shares of stock. An advantage of using a long call option is that less capital is required to own one contract compared to the cost of owning 100 shares of stock, and downside risk is limited to the option contract’s cost.

Long Call market outlook

A long call is purchased when the buyer believes the price of the underlying asset will increase by at least the cost of the premium on or before the expiration date. Further out-of-the-money strike prices will be less expensive but have a lower probability of success. The further out-of-the-money the strike price, the more bullish the sentiment for the outlook of the underlying asset.

How to set up a Long Call

A long call position is initiated when a buyer purchases a call option contract. Calls are listed in an option chain and provide relevant information for every strike price and expiration available, including the bid-ask price. The cost to enter the trade is called the premium. Market participants consider multiple factors to assess the value of an option’s premium, including the strike price relative to the stock price, time until expiration, and volatility.

Long Call payoff diagram

The payoff diagram for a long call is straightforward. The maximum risk is limited to the cost of the option. The profit potential is unlimited. To break even on the trade at expiration, the stock price must exceed the strike price by the cost of the long call option.

For example, if a long call option with a $100 strike price is purchased for $5.00, the maximum loss is defined at $500 and the profit potential is unlimited if the stock continues to rise. However, the underlying stock must be above $105 at expiration to realize a profit.

Entering a Long Call

To enter a long call position, a buy-to-open (BTO) order is sent to the broker. The order is either filled at the asking price (market order) or at a specific price an investor is willing to pay (limit order). The call option purchase results in cash debited from the trading account.

• Buy-to-open: $100 call

Exiting a Long Call

There are multiple ways to exit a long call position. Anytime before expiration, a sell-to-close (STC) order can be entered, and the contract will be sold at the market or a limit price. The premium collected will be credited to the account.

If the contract is sold for more premium than originally paid, a profit is realized. If the contract is sold for less premium than originally paid, a loss is realized.

If the long call option is in-the-money (ITM) at expiration, the holder of the contract can choose to exercise the option and will receive 100 shares of stock at the strike price. If the long call option is out-of-the-money (OTM) at expiration, the contract will expire worthless and the full loss is realized.

Time decay impact on a Long Call

Time remaining until expiration and implied volatility make up an option’s extrinsic value and impact the premium price. All else being equal, options contracts with more time until expiration will have higher prices because there is more time for the underlying asset to experience price movement. As time until expiration decreases, the option price goes down. Therefore, time decay, or theta, works against options buyers.

Implied volatility impact on a Long Call

Implied volatility reflects the possibility of future price movements. Higher implied volatility results in higher priced options because there is an expectation the price may move more than expected in the future. As implied volatility decreases, the option price goes down. Options buyers benefit when implied volatility increases before expiration.

Adjusting a Long Call

Long call positions can be managed during a trade to minimize loss. A single-leg long call option can converted into a bull call debit spread.

If the stock price declines, a call option can be sold at a higher strike price to reduce the trade’s risk. This decreases the overall cost of the original position and lowers the break-even price. However, the short call option limits the maximum profit potential to the spread width minus the debit paid.

For example, if a $100 call option was purchased for $5.00, a $105 call option could be sold. If the short call option collects $1.00 of credit, the maximum loss is reduced to -$400. The max profit, however, is now capped at $100 if the stock reverses and closes above $105 at expiration. The break-even point is now $1.00 less than the original payoff diagram.

• Sell-to-open: $105 call

Rolling a Long Call

Long call positions can be adjusted to extend the time duration of the trade if the stock has not increased before expiration. The ability to roll the position into the future allows the trade more time to become profitable, but will come at a cost because more time equates to higher options prices.

If an investor wants to extend the trade, the long call option can be rolled out by selling-to-close (STC) the current position and buying-to-open (BTO) an option at a future date. This will likely result in paying a debit and will add cost to the original position.

For example, a $100 call option with a November expiration date could be sold and a $100 call option could be purchased for December. If the original position cost $5.00, and was sold for $2.00, the net loss on the original position is -$300 per contract. If the December option costs an additional $5.00, the overall debit of the position is now $8.00. Therefore, the max loss increases to -$800 and the break-even point moves out to $108.

Hedging a Long Call

To hedge a long call, an investor may purchase a put with the same strike price and expiration date, thereby creating a long straddle. If the underlying stock price falls below the strike price, the put will experience a gain in value and help offset the loss of the long call. However, this adds cost to the original trade and widens the break-even price.

For example, if the original long call had a $5.00 debit, and a long put is purchased for an additional $5.00, the risk increases to $1,000 and the break-even points are extended.

For example, a $100 call option with a November expiration date could be sold and a $100 call option could be purchased for December. If the original position cost $5.00, and was sold for $2.00, the net loss on the original position is -$300 per contract. If the December option costs an additional $5.00, the overall debit of the position is now $8.00. Therefore, the max loss increases to -$800 and the break-even point moves out to $108.

• Sell-to-open: $105 call

Synthetic Long Call

A synthetic long call combines long stock with a long put option at the entry price of the original long stock position. This creates a synthetic long call because the payoff diagram is similar to a single long call option. The maximum downside risk is limited to the long put option’s strike price, and the profit potential is unlimited if the stock continues to rise.

FAQ